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39 zinc COVID-19 controlled studies, 6 RCTs
https://c19zinc.com/meta.html
0
0.5
1
1.5+
All studies 30% 29
55,226
Improvement, Studies, Patients Relative Risk Mortality 29% 15
12,413
Ventilation 51% 5
3,537
ICU admission 22% 5
3,174
Hospitalization 39% 10
25,312
Progression 74% 3
2,558
Recovery 11% 2
299
Cases 30% 4
16,680
RCTs 40% 6
1,635
RCT mortality 8% 2
224
Peer-reviewed 25% 25
49,680
Exc. combined 24% 23
29,970
Sufficiency 74% 10
1,116
Prophylaxis 34% 11
41,672
Early 61% 4
3,010
Late 26% 14
10,544
Zinc for COVID-19 c19zinc.com May 2022
Favors zinc Favors control after exclusions
• Statistically significant improvements are seen for
mortality ,
ventilation ,
hospitalization , and
progression . 11 studies from 11 independent teams in 6 different countries show statistically significant
improvements in isolation (8 for the most serious outcome).
• Sufficiency studies, analyzing outcomes based on serum levels,
show 74% [60‑84%] improvement for patients with higher zinc levels
(10 studies).
• Results are robust — in exclusion sensitivity analysis 10 of 29
studies must be excluded to avoid finding statistically significant efficacy
in pooled analysis.
0
0.5
1
1.5+
All studies 30% 29
55,226
Improvement, Studies, Patients Relative Risk Mortality 29% 15
12,413
Ventilation 51% 5
3,537
ICU admission 22% 5
3,174
Hospitalization 39% 10
25,312
Progression 74% 3
2,558
Recovery 11% 2
299
Cases 30% 4
16,680
RCTs 40% 6
1,635
RCT mortality 8% 2
224
Peer-reviewed 25% 25
49,680
Exc. combined 24% 23
29,970
Sufficiency 74% 10
1,116
Prophylaxis 34% 11
41,672
Early 61% 4
3,010
Late 26% 14
10,544
Zinc for COVID-19 c19zinc.com May 2022
Favors zinc Favors control after exclusions
• 6 studies use combined treatments.
When excluding those studies, the pooled improvement is 24% [10‑36%] compared
to 30% [15‑41%] .
• Early treatment results are dominated by
[Thomas ] , however this
study used a low dose and was conducted in a location with low levels of zinc
deficiency.
• While many treatments have some level
of efficacy, they do not replace vaccines and other measures to avoid
infection.
Only 10% of zinc
studies show zero events in the treatment arm.
Multiple treatments are typically used
in combination, and
other treatments
are more effective.
• No treatment, vaccine, or intervention is 100%
available and effective for all variants. All practical, effective, and safe
means should be used.
Denying the efficacy of treatments increases mortality, morbidity, collateral
damage, and endemic risk.
• All data to reproduce this paper and
sources are in the
appendix .
Highlights
We show traditional outcome specific analyses and combined
evidence from all studies, incorporating treatment delay, a primary
confounding factor in COVID-19 studies.
A
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Derwand 79%
0.21 [0.03-1.47]
death
1/141
13/377
CT2
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Thomas (RCT) -44%
1.44 [0.36-5.71]
hosp.
5/58
3/50
Asimi 97%
0.03 [0.00-0.44]
ventilation
0/270
9/86
CT2
Mayberry 53%
0.47 [0.33-0.65]
death
938 (n)
1,090 (n)
Tau2 = 0.65, I2 = 58.1%, p = 0.091
Early treatment 61%
0.39 [0.13-1.16]
6/1,407
25/1,603
61% improvement Carlucci 38%
0.62 [0.46-0.84]
death/HPC
54/411
119/521
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Krishnan 18%
0.82 [0.62-1.09]
death
31/58
61/94
Yao 34%
0.66 [0.41-1.07]
death
73/196
21/46
Frontera (PSM) 37%
0.63 [0.44-0.91]
death
121/1,006
424/2,467
CT2
Abd-Elsalam (RCT) 1%
0.99 [0.30-3.31]
death
5/96
5/95
Rosenthal -16%
1.16 [1.05-1.28]
death
n/a
n/a
Darban (RCT) 33%
0.67 [0.14-3.17]
progression
2/10
3/10
ICU patients CT2
Patel (DB RCT) 20%
0.80 [0.15-4.18]
death
2/15
3/18
Mulhem 46%
0.54 [0.43-0.68]
death
256/1,596
260/1,623
Gadhiya -41%
1.41 [0.69-2.57]
death
21/54
34/229
Al Sulaiman (ICU) 36%
0.64 [0.37-1.10]
death
23/82
32/82
ICU patients
Elavarasi 65%
0.35 [0.24-0.56]
death
486 (n)
1,201 (n)
Assiri (ICU) -81%
1.81 [0.41-6.97]
death
10/60
4/58
ICU patients
Kaplan (RCT) -14%
1.14 [0.08-16.6]
ventilation
1/14
1/16
CT2
Tau2 = 0.16, I2 = 88.2%, p = 0.027
Late treatment 26%
0.74 [0.57-0.97]
599/4,084
967/6,460
26% improvement Louca 1%
0.99 [0.93-1.06]
cases
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Mahto 37%
0.63 [0.22-1.49]
IgG+
10/38
83/651
Holt 7%
0.93 [0.59-1.44]
cases
21/750
425/14,477
Abdulateef 13%
0.87 [0.38-1.97]
hosp.
7/111
23/317
Seet (CLUS. RCT) 50%
0.50 [0.34-0.75]
symp. case
33/634
64/619
OT1
Israel 100%
0.00 [0.00-0.93]
hosp.
0/10
6,953/20,849
CT2
Bagheri 60%
0.40 [0.04-3.53]
progression
33 (n)
477 (n)
Gordon 68%
0.32 [0.01-7.87]
death
0/104
1/96
Kumar 20%
0.80 [0.21-2.99]
death
6/75
3/30
Nimer -25%
1.25 [0.87-1.77]
hosp.
41/326
178/1,822
Shehab 47%
0.53 [0.19-1.47]
severe case
4/65
22/188
Tau2 = 0.24, I2 = 82.8%, p = 0.04
Prophylaxis 34%
0.66 [0.45-0.98]
122/2,146
7,752/39,526
34% improvement All studies 30%
0.70 [0.59-0.85]
727/7,637
8,744/47,589
30% improvement 29 zinc COVID-19 studies c19zinc.com May 2022
Tau2 = 0.13, I2 = 86.0%, p = 0.00021
Effect extraction pre-specified (most serious outcome, see appendix) 1 OT: comparison with other treatment 2 CT: study uses combined treatment Favors zinc
Favors control
B
C
Figure 1. A. Random effects
meta-analysis. This plot shows pooled effects, discussion can be found in the heterogeneity section,
and results for specific outcomes can be found in the individual outcome analyses.
Effect extraction is pre-specified, using the most serious outcome reported.
For details of effect extraction see the
appendix .
B. Scatter plot showing the
distribution of effects reported in studies.
C. History of all reported
effects (chronological within treatment stages).
Introduction
We analyze all significant studies
concerning the use of
zinc
for COVID-19.
Search methods, inclusion criteria, effect
extraction criteria (more serious outcomes have priority), all individual
study data, PRISMA answers, and statistical methods are detailed in
Appendix 1 . We present random effects meta-analysis results for all
studies, for studies within each treatment stage, for individual outcomes, for
peer-reviewed studies, for Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), and after
exclusions.
Figure 2 shows stages of possible treatment for
COVID-19.
Prophylaxis refers to regularly taking medication before
becoming sick, in order to prevent or minimize infection.
Early
Treatment refers to treatment immediately or soon after symptoms appear,
while
Late Treatment refers to more delayed treatment.
Preclinical Research
An
In Silico study supports the efficacy of zinc
[Pormohammad ] .
An
In Vitro study supports the efficacy of zinc
[Panchariya ] .
Preclinical research is an important part of the development of
treatments, however results may be very different in clinical trials.
Preclinical results are not used in this paper.
Results
Figure 3 shows a visual overview of the results, with details in
Table 1 and
Table 2 .
Figure
4 ,
5 ,
6 ,
7 ,
8 ,
9 ,
10 ,
11 ,
12 ,
13 , and
14
show forest plots for a random effects meta-analysis of
all studies with pooled effects, mortality results, ventilation, ICU admission, hospitalization, progression, recovery, cases, sufficiency studies, peer reviewed studies, and all studies excluding combined treatment studies.
0
0.5
1
1.5+
ALL STUDIES
MORTALITY
VENTILATION
ICU ADMISSION
HOSPITALIZATION
PROGRESSION
RECOVERY
CASES
RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS
RCT MORTALITY
PEER-REVIEWED
EXC. COMBINED
SUFFICIENCY
After Exclusions
ALL STUDIES
All
Prophylaxis
Early
Late
Zinc for COVID-19
C19ZINC.COM MAY 2022
Treatment time Number of studies reporting positive effects
Total number of studies Percentage of studies reporting positive effects
Random effects meta-analysis results
Early treatment
3
4
75.0%
61% improvement
Late treatment
10
14
71.4%
26% improvement
Prophylaxis
10
11
90.9%
34% improvement
All studies
23
29
79.3%
30% improvement
Table 1. Results by treatment stage.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Derwand 79%
0.21 [0.03-1.47]
death
1/141
13/377
CT2
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Thomas (RCT) -44%
1.44 [0.36-5.71]
hosp.
5/58
3/50
Asimi 97%
0.03 [0.00-0.44]
ventilation
0/270
9/86
CT2
Mayberry 53%
0.47 [0.33-0.65]
death
938 (n)
1,090 (n)
Tau2 = 0.65, I2 = 58.1%, p = 0.091
Early treatment 61%
0.39 [0.13-1.16]
6/1,407
25/1,603
61% improvement Carlucci 38%
0.62 [0.46-0.84]
death/HPC
54/411
119/521
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Krishnan 18%
0.82 [0.62-1.09]
death
31/58
61/94
Yao 34%
0.66 [0.41-1.07]
death
73/196
21/46
Frontera (PSM) 37%
0.63 [0.44-0.91]
death
121/1,006
424/2,467
CT2
Abd-Elsalam (RCT) 1%
0.99 [0.30-3.31]
death
5/96
5/95
Rosenthal -16%
1.16 [1.05-1.28]
death
n/a
n/a
Darban (RCT) 33%
0.67 [0.14-3.17]
progression
2/10
3/10
ICU patients CT2
Patel (DB RCT) 20%
0.80 [0.15-4.18]
death
2/15
3/18
Mulhem 46%
0.54 [0.43-0.68]
death
256/1,596
260/1,623
Gadhiya -41%
1.41 [0.69-2.57]
death
21/54
34/229
Al Sulaiman (ICU) 36%
0.64 [0.37-1.10]
death
23/82
32/82
ICU patients
Elavarasi 65%
0.35 [0.24-0.56]
death
486 (n)
1,201 (n)
Assiri (ICU) -81%
1.81 [0.41-6.97]
death
10/60
4/58
ICU patients
Kaplan (RCT) -14%
1.14 [0.08-16.6]
ventilation
1/14
1/16
CT2
Tau2 = 0.16, I2 = 88.2%, p = 0.027
Late treatment 26%
0.74 [0.57-0.97]
599/4,084
967/6,460
26% improvement Louca 1%
0.99 [0.93-1.06]
cases
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Mahto 37%
0.63 [0.22-1.49]
IgG+
10/38
83/651
Holt 7%
0.93 [0.59-1.44]
cases
21/750
425/14,477
Abdulateef 13%
0.87 [0.38-1.97]
hosp.
7/111
23/317
Seet (CLUS. RCT) 50%
0.50 [0.34-0.75]
symp. case
33/634
64/619
OT1
Israel 100%
0.00 [0.00-0.93]
hosp.
0/10
6,953/20,849
CT2
Bagheri 60%
0.40 [0.04-3.53]
progression
33 (n)
477 (n)
Gordon 68%
0.32 [0.01-7.87]
death
0/104
1/96
Kumar 20%
0.80 [0.21-2.99]
death
6/75
3/30
Nimer -25%
1.25 [0.87-1.77]
hosp.
41/326
178/1,822
Shehab 47%
0.53 [0.19-1.47]
severe case
4/65
22/188
Tau2 = 0.24, I2 = 82.8%, p = 0.04
Prophylaxis 34%
0.66 [0.45-0.98]
122/2,146
7,752/39,526
34% improvement All studies 30%
0.70 [0.59-0.85]
727/7,637
8,744/47,589
30% improvement 29 zinc COVID-19 studies c19zinc.com May 2022
Tau2 = 0.13, I2 = 86.0%, p = 0.00021
Effect extraction pre-specified (most serious outcome, see appendix) 1 OT: comparison with other treatment 2 CT: study uses combined treatment Favors zinc
Favors control
Figure 4. Random effects meta-analysis for all studies with pooled effects.
This plot shows pooled effects, discussion can be found in the heterogeneity section,
and results for specific outcomes can be found in the individual outcome analyses.
Effect extraction is pre-specified, using the most serious outcome reported.
For details of effect extraction see the
appendix .
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Derwand 79%
0.21 [0.03-1.47]
1/141
13/377
CT1
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Mayberry 53%
0.47 [0.33-0.65]
938 (n)
1,090 (n)
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p < 0.0001
Early treatment 55%
0.45 [0.33-0.64]
1/1,079
13/1,467
55% improvement Krishnan 18%
0.82 [0.62-1.09]
31/58
61/94
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Yao 34%
0.66 [0.41-1.07]
73/196
21/46
Frontera (PSM) 37%
0.63 [0.44-0.91]
121/1,006
424/2,467
CT1
Abd-Elsalam (RCT) 1%
0.99 [0.30-3.31]
5/96
5/95
Rosenthal -16%
1.16 [1.05-1.28]
n/a
n/a
Patel (DB RCT) 20%
0.80 [0.15-4.18]
2/15
3/18
Mulhem 46%
0.54 [0.43-0.68]
256/1,596
260/1,623
Gadhiya -41%
1.41 [0.69-2.57]
21/54
34/229
Al Sulaiman (ICU) 36%
0.64 [0.37-1.10]
23/82
32/82
ICU patients
Elavarasi 65%
0.35 [0.24-0.56]
486 (n)
1,201 (n)
Assiri (ICU) -81%
1.81 [0.41-6.97]
10/60
4/58
ICU patients
Tau2 = 0.17, I2 = 90.6%, p = 0.063
Late treatment 24%
0.76 [0.57-1.02]
542/3,649
844/5,913
24% improvement Gordon 68%
0.32 [0.01-7.87]
0/104
1/96
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Kumar 20%
0.80 [0.21-2.99]
6/75
3/30
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.58
Prophylaxis 30%
0.70 [0.21-2.37]
6/179
4/126
30% improvement All studies 29%
0.71 [0.54-0.93]
549/4,907
861/7,506
29% improvement 15 zinc COVID-19 mortality results c19zinc.com May 2022
Tau2 = 0.18, I2 = 88.4%, p = 0.013
1 CT: study uses combined treatment Favors zinc
Favors control
Figure 5. Random effects meta-analysis for mortality results.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Asimi 97%
0.03 [0.00-0.44]
0/270
9/86
CT1
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Mayberry 64%
0.36 [0.27-0.47]
938 (n)
1,090 (n)
Tau2 = 2.37, I2 = 69.2%, p = 0.12
Early treatment 86%
0.14 [0.01-1.66]
0/1,208
9/1,176
86% improvement Carlucci 18%
0.82 [0.54-1.25]
29/411
62/521
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Abd-Elsalam (RCT) 34%
0.66 [0.19-2.26]
4/96
6/95
Kaplan (RCT) -14%
1.14 [0.08-16.6]
1/14
1/16
CT1
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.29
Late treatment 19%
0.81 [0.54-1.20]
34/521
69/632
19% improvement All studies 51%
0.49 [0.25-0.99]
34/1,729
78/1,808
51% improvement 5 zinc COVID-19 mechanical ventilation results c19zinc.com May 2022
Tau2 = 0.31, I2 = 73.3%, p = 0.045
1 CT: study uses combined treatment Favors zinc
Favors control
Figure 6. Random effects meta-analysis for ventilation.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Mayberry 60%
0.40 [0.31-0.52]
938 (n)
1,090 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p < 0.0001
Early treatment 60%
0.40 [0.31-0.52]
0/938
0/1,090
60% improvement Carlucci 23%
0.77 [0.53-1.10]
38/411
82/521
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Darban (RCT) 6%
0.94 [0.84-1.06]
10 (n)
10 (n)
ICU patients CT1
Al Sulaiman (ICU) -25%
1.25 [0.84-1.87]
82 (n)
82 (n)
ICU patients
Kaplan (RCT) -14%
1.14 [0.08-16.6]
1/14
1/16
CT1
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 5.9%, p = 0.38
Late treatment 6%
0.94 [0.83-1.07]
39/517
83/629
6% improvement All studies 22%
0.78 [0.49-1.22]
39/1,455
83/1,719
22% improvement 5 zinc COVID-19 ICU results c19zinc.com May 2022
Tau2 = 0.20, I2 = 90.0%, p = 0.28
1 CT: study uses combined treatment Favors zinc
Favors control
Figure 7. Random effects meta-analysis for ICU admission.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Derwand 82%
0.18 [0.07-0.54]
hosp.
4/141
58/377
CT1
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Thomas (RCT) -44%
1.44 [0.36-5.71]
hosp.
5/58
3/50
Asimi 99%
0.01 [0.00-0.16]
hosp.
0/270
24/86
CT1
Tau2 = 2.85, I2 = 82.7%, p = 0.13
Early treatment 81%
0.19 [0.02-1.62]
9/469
85/513
81% improvement Abd-Elsalam (RCT) 4%
0.96 [0.86-1.08]
hosp. time
96 (n)
95 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Al Sulaiman (ICU) -6%
1.06 [0.85-1.33]
hosp. time
82 (n)
82 (n)
ICU patients
Kaplan (RCT) -14%
1.14 [0.08-16.6]
hosp.
1/14
1/16
CT1
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.78
Late treatment 2%
0.98 [0.89-1.09]
1/192
1/193
2% improvement Abdulateef 13%
0.87 [0.38-1.97]
hosp.
7/111
23/317
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Israel 100%
0.00 [0.00-0.93]
hosp.
0/10
6,953/20,849
CT1
Bagheri 41%
0.59 [0.14-1.61]
hosp.
4/33
167/477
Nimer -25%
1.25 [0.87-1.77]
hosp.
41/326
178/1,822
Tau2 = 2.27, I2 = 93.2%, p = 0.061
Prophylaxis 78%
0.22 [0.04-1.08]
52/480
7,321/23,465
78% improvement All studies 39%
0.61 [0.39-0.97]
62/1,141
7,407/24,171
39% improvement 10 zinc COVID-19 hospitalization results c19zinc.com May 2022
Tau2 = 0.28, I2 = 86.4%, p = 0.034
1 CT: study uses combined treatment Favors zinc
Favors control
Figure 8. Random effects meta-analysis for hospitalization.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Mayberry 85%
0.15 [0.02-0.10]
938 (n)
1,090 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p < 0.0001
Early treatment 85%
0.15 [0.02-0.10]
0/938
0/1,090
85% improvement Darban (RCT) 33%
0.67 [0.14-3.17]
2/10
3/10
ICU patients CT1
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.62
Late treatment 33%
0.67 [0.14-3.17]
2/10
3/10
33% improvement Bagheri 60%
0.40 [0.04-3.53]
33 (n)
477 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.41
Prophylaxis 60%
0.40 [0.04-3.53]
0/33
0/477
60% improvement All studies 74%
0.26 [0.10-0.73]
2/981
3/1,577
74% improvement 3 zinc COVID-19 progression results c19zinc.com May 2022
Tau2 = 0.35, I2 = 40.4%, p = 0.011
1 CT: study uses combined treatment Favors zinc
Favors control
Figure 9. Random effects meta-analysis for progression.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Thomas (RCT) 12%
0.88 [0.67-1.16]
recov. time
58 (n)
50 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.38
Early treatment 12%
0.88 [0.67-1.16]
0/58
0/50
12% improvement Abd-Elsalam (RCT) 6%
0.94 [0.55-1.62]
no recov.
20/96
21/95
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.84
Late treatment 6%
0.94 [0.55-1.62]
20/96
21/95
6% improvement All studies 11%
0.89 [0.70-1.14]
20/154
21/145
11% improvement 2 zinc COVID-19 recovery results c19zinc.com May 2022
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.38
Favors zinc
Favors control
Figure 10. Random effects meta-analysis for recovery.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Louca 1%
0.99 [0.93-1.06]
cases
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Holt 7%
0.93 [0.59-1.44]
cases
21/750
425/14,477
Seet (CLUS. RCT) 50%
0.50 [0.34-0.75]
symp. case
33/634
64/619
OT1
Gordon 85%
0.15 [0.02-0.58]
symp. case
2/104
9/96
Tau2 = 0.15, I2 = 81.8%, p = 0.13
Prophylaxis 30%
0.70 [0.44-1.11]
56/1,488
498/15,192
30% improvement All studies 30%
0.70 [0.44-1.11]
56/1,488
498/15,192
30% improvement 4 zinc COVID-19 case results c19zinc.com May 2022
Tau2 = 0.15, I2 = 81.8%, p = 0.13
1 OT: comparison with other treatment Favors zinc
Favors control
Figure 11. Random effects meta-analysis for cases.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Yasui 92%
0.07 [0.01-0.54]
ventilation
1/20
6/9
Improvement, RR [CI] High Levels Low Levels Jothimani 90%
0.10 [0.01-1.76]
death
0/20
5/27
Vogel-González 77%
0.23 [0.10-0.51]
death
9/191
12/58
Tomasa-Irriguible 49%
0.51 [0.19-1.02]
ventilation
7/31
49/89
Gonçalves (ICU) 82%
0.18 [0.08-0.36]
severe case
7/55
145/214
ICU patients
Fromonot 89%
0.11 [0.02-0.48]
hosp.
6/110
7/42
Du Laing 79%
0.21 [0.06-0.74]
death
3/49
7/24
Ramos 24%
0.76 [0.38-1.52]
cases
5/9
8/11
Ekemen Keleş 75%
0.25 [0.10-0.59]
hosp.
10/89
5/11
Voelkle 77%
0.23 [0.06-0.72]
death/ICU
5/35
10/22
All studies 74%
0.26 [0.16-0.40]
53/609
254/507
74% improvement 10 zinc COVID-19 sufficiency studies c19zinc.com May 2022
Tau2 = 0.24, I2 = 52.5%, p < 0.0001
Effect extraction pre-specified (most serious outcome, see appendix) Favors zinc
Favors control
Figure 12. Random effects meta-analysis for sufficiency studies.
Effect extraction is pre-specified, using the most serious outcome reported,
see the
appendix for details.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Derwand 79%
0.21 [0.03-1.47]
death
1/141
13/377
CT2
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Thomas (RCT) -44%
1.44 [0.36-5.71]
hosp.
5/58
3/50
Mayberry 53%
0.47 [0.33-0.65]
death
938 (n)
1,090 (n)
Tau2 = 0.20, I2 = 36.0%, p = 0.12
Early treatment 46%
0.54 [0.25-1.16]
6/1,137
16/1,517
46% improvement Carlucci 38%
0.62 [0.46-0.84]
death/HPC
54/411
119/521
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Krishnan 18%
0.82 [0.62-1.09]
death
31/58
61/94
Yao 34%
0.66 [0.41-1.07]
death
73/196
21/46
Abd-Elsalam (RCT) 1%
0.99 [0.30-3.31]
death
5/96
5/95
Rosenthal -16%
1.16 [1.05-1.28]
death
n/a
n/a
Darban (RCT) 33%
0.67 [0.14-3.17]
progression
2/10
3/10
ICU patients CT2
Patel (DB RCT) 20%
0.80 [0.15-4.18]
death
2/15
3/18
Mulhem 46%
0.54 [0.43-0.68]
death
256/1,596
260/1,623
Gadhiya -41%
1.41 [0.69-2.57]
death
21/54
34/229
Al Sulaiman (ICU) 36%
