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30 zinc COVID-19 controlled studies,
6 RCTs
https://c19zinc.com/meta.html
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
All studies 33% 23
50,003
Improvement, Studies, Patients Relative Risk With exclusions 36% 15
9,361
Mortality 32% 12
10,280
Ventilation 43% 4
1,509
ICU admission 6% 4
1,146
Hospitalization 51% 9
23,164
Progression 44% 2
530
Recovery 11% 2
299
Cases 30% 4
16,680
RCTs 40% 6
1,635
RCT mortality 8% 2
224
Peer-reviewed 28% 19
44,457
Exc. combined 26% 17
24,747
Sufficiency 79% 7
939
Prophylaxis 51% 7
38,477
Early 74% 3
982
Late 32% 13
10,544
Zinc for COVID-19 c19zinc.com Jan 18, 2022
Favors zinc
Favors control
• Statistically significant improvements are seen for
mortality and
hospitalization . 10 studies from 6 different countries show statistically significant
improvements in isolation (7 for the most serious outcome).
• Sufficiency studies, analyzing outcomes based on serum levels,
show 79% [65‑87%] improvement for patients with higher zinc levels
(7 studies).
• Results are robust — in exclusion sensitivity analysis 9 of 23
studies must be excluded to avoid finding statistically significant efficacy
in pooled analysis.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
All studies 33% 23
50,003
Improvement, Studies, Patients Relative Risk With exclusions 36% 15
9,361
Mortality 32% 12
10,280
Ventilation 43% 4
1,509
ICU admission 6% 4
1,146
Hospitalization 51% 9
23,164
Progression 44% 2
530
Recovery 11% 2
299
Cases 30% 4
16,680
RCTs 40% 6
1,635
RCT mortality 8% 2
224
Peer-reviewed 28% 19
44,457
Exc. combined 26% 17
24,747
Sufficiency 79% 7
939
Prophylaxis 51% 7
38,477
Early 74% 3
982
Late 32% 13
10,544
Zinc for COVID-19 c19zinc.com Jan 18, 2022
Favors zinc
Favors control
• 6 studies use combined treatments.
When excluding those studies, the pooled improvement is 26% [8‑41%] compared
to 33% [16‑47%] .
• Early treatment results are dominated by
[Thomas ] , however this
study used a low dose and was conducted in a location with low levels of zinc
deficiency.
• While many treatments have some level
of efficacy, they do not replace vaccines and other measures to avoid
infection.
Only 13% of zinc
studies show zero events in the treatment arm.
• Multiple treatments are typically used
in combination, and
other treatments
may be more effective.
• Elimination of COVID-19 is a race
against viral evolution. No treatment, vaccine, or intervention is 100%
available and effective for all variants. All practical, effective, and safe
means should be used, including treatments, as supported by Pfizer
[Pfizer ] .
Denying the efficacy of treatments increases mortality, morbidity, collateral
damage, and endemic risk.
• All data to reproduce this paper and
sources are in the
appendix .
A
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Derwand 79%
0.21 [0.03-1.47]
death
1/141
13/377
CT2
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Thomas (RCT) -44%
1.44 [0.36-5.71]
hosp.
5/58
3/50
Asimi 97%
0.03 [0.00-0.44]
ventilation
0/270
9/86
CT2
Tau2 = 2.68, I2 = 72.0%, p = 0.23
Early treatment 74%
0.26 [0.03-2.33]
6/469
25/513
74% improvement Carlucci 38%
0.62 [0.46-0.84]
death/HPC
54/411
119/521
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Krishnan 18%
0.82 [0.62-1.09]
death
31/58
61/94
Yao 34%
0.66 [0.41-1.07]
death
73/196
21/46
Frontera (PSM) 37%
0.63 [0.44-0.91]
death
121/1,006
424/2,467
CT2
Abd-Elsalam (RCT) 1%
0.99 [0.30-3.31]
death
5/96
5/95
Darban (RCT) 33%
0.67 [0.14-3.17]
progression
2/10
3/10
CT2
Patel (DB RCT) 20%
0.80 [0.15-4.18]
death
2/15
3/18
Mulhem 46%
0.54 [0.43-0.68]
death
256/1,596
260/1,623
Gadhiya -41%
1.41 [0.69-2.57]
death
21/54
34/229
Al Sulaiman (PSM) 36%
0.64 [0.37-1.10]
death
23/82
32/82
Elavarasi 65%
0.35 [0.24-0.56]
death
486 (n)
1,201 (n)
Assiri -81%
1.81 [0.41-6.97]
death
10/60
4/58
Kaplan (RCT) -14%
1.14 [0.08-16.6]
ventilation
1/14
1/16
CT2
Tau2 = 0.05, I2 = 60.8%, p < 0.0001
Late treatment 32%
0.68 [0.56-0.82]
599/4,084
967/6,460
32% improvement Louca 1%
0.99 [0.93-1.06]
cases
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Holt 7%
0.93 [0.59-1.44]
cases
21/750
425/14,477
Abdulateef 13%
0.87 [0.38-1.97]
hosp.
7/111
23/317
Seet (CLUS. RCT) 50%
0.50 [0.34-0.75]
symp. case
33/634
64/619
OT1
Israel 100%
0.00 [0.00-0.93]
hosp.
0/10
6,953/20,849
CT2
Bagheri 60%
0.40 [0.04-3.53]
progression
33 (n)
477 (n)
Gordon 68%
0.32 [0.01-7.87]
death
0/104
1/96
Tau2 = 0.47, I2 = 88.4%, p = 0.034
Prophylaxis 51%
0.49 [0.26-0.95]
61/1,642
7,466/36,835
51% improvement All studies 33%
0.67 [0.53-0.84]
666/6,195
8,458/43,808
33% improvement 23 zinc COVID-19 studies c19zinc.com Jan 18, 2022
Tau2 = 0.16, I2 = 84.9%, p = 0.0006
Effect extraction pre-specified, see appendix
1 OT: comparison with other treatment 2 CT: study uses combined treatment Favors zinc
Favors control
B
C
Figure 1. A. Random effects
meta-analysis. This plot shows pooled effects, discussion can be found in the heterogeneity section,
and results for specific outcomes can be found in the individual outcome analyses.
Effect extraction is pre-specified, using the most serious outcome reported.
For details of effect extraction see the
appendix .
B. Scatter plot showing the
distribution of effects reported in studies.
C. History of all reported
effects (chronological within treatment stages).
Introduction
We analyze all significant studies concerning the use of
zinc for COVID-19. Search methods, inclusion criteria, effect
extraction criteria (more serious outcomes have priority), all individual
study data, PRISMA answers, and statistical methods are detailed in
Appendix 1 . We present random effects meta-analysis results for all
studies, for studies within each treatment stage, for individual outcomes, for
peer-reviewed studies, for Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), and after
exclusions.
Figure 2 shows stages of possible treatment for
COVID-19.
Prophylaxis refers to regularly taking medication before
becoming sick, in order to prevent or minimize infection.
Early
Treatment refers to treatment immediately or soon after symptoms appear,
while
Late Treatment refers to more delayed treatment.
Results
Figure
3 ,
4 ,
5 ,
6 ,
7 ,
8 ,
9 ,
10 ,
11 ,
12 , and
13
show forest plots for a random effects meta-analysis of
all studies with pooled effects, mortality results, ventilation, ICU admission, hospitalization, progression, recovery, cases, sufficiency studies, peer reviewed studies, and all studies excluding combined treatment studies.
Table 1 summarizes the results by treatment stage.
Treatment time Number of studies reporting positive effects
Total number of studies Percentage of studies reporting positive effects
Random effects meta-analysis results
Early treatment
2
3
66.7%
74% improvement
Late treatment
10
13
76.9%
32% improvement
Prophylaxis
7
7
100%
51% improvement
All studies
19
23
82.6%
33% improvement
Table 1. Results by treatment stage.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Derwand 79%
0.21 [0.03-1.47]
death
1/141
13/377
CT2
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Thomas (RCT) -44%
1.44 [0.36-5.71]
hosp.
5/58
3/50
Asimi 97%
0.03 [0.00-0.44]
ventilation
0/270
9/86
CT2
Tau2 = 2.68, I2 = 72.0%, p = 0.23
Early treatment 74%
0.26 [0.03-2.33]
6/469
25/513
74% improvement Carlucci 38%
0.62 [0.46-0.84]
death/HPC
54/411
119/521
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Krishnan 18%
0.82 [0.62-1.09]
death
31/58
61/94
Yao 34%
0.66 [0.41-1.07]
death
73/196
21/46
Frontera (PSM) 37%
0.63 [0.44-0.91]
death
121/1,006
424/2,467
CT2
Abd-Elsalam (RCT) 1%
0.99 [0.30-3.31]
death
5/96
5/95
Darban (RCT) 33%
0.67 [0.14-3.17]
progression
2/10
3/10
CT2
Patel (DB RCT) 20%
0.80 [0.15-4.18]
death
2/15
3/18
Mulhem 46%
0.54 [0.43-0.68]
death
256/1,596
260/1,623
Gadhiya -41%
1.41 [0.69-2.57]
death
21/54
34/229
Al Sulaiman (PSM) 36%
0.64 [0.37-1.10]
death
23/82
32/82
Elavarasi 65%
0.35 [0.24-0.56]
death
486 (n)
1,201 (n)
Assiri -81%
1.81 [0.41-6.97]
death
10/60
4/58
Kaplan (RCT) -14%
1.14 [0.08-16.6]
ventilation
1/14
1/16
CT2
Tau2 = 0.05, I2 = 60.8%, p < 0.0001
Late treatment 32%
0.68 [0.56-0.82]
599/4,084
967/6,460
32% improvement Louca 1%
0.99 [0.93-1.06]
cases
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Holt 7%
0.93 [0.59-1.44]
cases
21/750
425/14,477
Abdulateef 13%
0.87 [0.38-1.97]
hosp.
7/111
23/317
Seet (CLUS. RCT) 50%
0.50 [0.34-0.75]
symp. case
33/634
64/619
OT1
Israel 100%
0.00 [0.00-0.93]
hosp.
0/10
6,953/20,849
CT2
Bagheri 60%
0.40 [0.04-3.53]
progression
33 (n)
477 (n)
Gordon 68%
0.32 [0.01-7.87]
death
0/104
1/96
Tau2 = 0.47, I2 = 88.4%, p = 0.034
Prophylaxis 51%
0.49 [0.26-0.95]
61/1,642
7,466/36,835
51% improvement All studies 33%
0.67 [0.53-0.84]
666/6,195
8,458/43,808
33% improvement 23 zinc COVID-19 studies c19zinc.com Jan 18, 2022
Tau2 = 0.16, I2 = 84.9%, p = 0.0006
Effect extraction pre-specified, see appendix
1 OT: comparison with other treatment 2 CT: study uses combined treatment Favors zinc
Favors control
Figure 3. Random effects meta-analysis for all studies with pooled effects.
This plot shows pooled effects, discussion can be found in the heterogeneity section,
and results for specific outcomes can be found in the individual outcome analyses.
Effect extraction is pre-specified, using the most serious outcome reported.
For details of effect extraction see the
appendix .
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Derwand 79%
0.21 [0.03-1.47]
1/141
13/377
CT1
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.13
Early treatment 79%
0.21 [0.03-1.47]
1/141
13/377
79% improvement Krishnan 18%
0.82 [0.62-1.09]
31/58
61/94
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Yao 34%
0.66 [0.41-1.07]
73/196
21/46
Frontera (PSM) 37%
0.63 [0.44-0.91]
121/1,006
424/2,467
CT1
Abd-Elsalam (RCT) 1%
0.99 [0.30-3.31]
5/96
5/95
Patel (DB RCT) 20%
0.80 [0.15-4.18]
2/15
3/18
Mulhem 46%
0.54 [0.43-0.68]
256/1,596
260/1,623
Gadhiya -41%
1.41 [0.69-2.57]
21/54
34/229
Al Sulaiman (PSM) 36%
0.64 [0.37-1.10]
23/82
32/82
Elavarasi 65%
0.35 [0.24-0.56]
486 (n)
1,201 (n)
Assiri -81%
1.81 [0.41-6.97]
10/60
4/58
Tau2 = 0.07, I2 = 70.4%, p = 0.0011
Late treatment 31%
0.69 [0.55-0.86]
542/3,649
844/5,913
31% improvement Gordon 68%
0.32 [0.01-7.87]
0/104
1/96
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.5
Prophylaxis 68%
0.32 [0.01-7.87]
0/104
1/96
68% improvement All studies 32%
0.68 [0.55-0.84]
543/3,894
858/6,386
32% improvement 12 zinc COVID-19 mortality results c19zinc.com Jan 18, 2022
Tau2 = 0.07, I2 = 65.4%, p = 0.0005
1 CT: study uses combined treatment Favors zinc
Favors control
Figure 4. Random effects meta-analysis for mortality results.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Asimi 97%
0.03 [0.00-0.44]
0/270
9/86
CT1
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.012
Early treatment 97%
0.03 [0.00-0.44]
0/270
9/86
97% improvement Carlucci 18%
0.82 [0.54-1.25]
29/411
62/521
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Abd-Elsalam (RCT) 34%
0.66 [0.19-2.26]
4/96
6/95
Kaplan (RCT) -14%
1.14 [0.08-16.6]
1/14
1/16
CT1
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.29
Late treatment 19%
0.81 [0.54-1.20]
34/521
69/632
19% improvement All studies 43%
0.57 [0.22-1.50]
34/791
78/718
43% improvement 4 zinc COVID-19 mechanical ventilation results c19zinc.com Jan 18, 2022
Tau2 = 0.43, I2 = 47.3%, p = 0.26
1 CT: study uses combined treatment Favors zinc
Favors control
Figure 5. Random effects meta-analysis for ventilation.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Carlucci 23%
0.77 [0.53-1.10]
38/411
82/521
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Darban (RCT) 6%
0.94 [0.84-1.06]
10 (n)
10 (n)
CT1
Al Sulaiman (PSM) -25%
1.25 [0.84-1.87]
82 (n)
82 (n)
Kaplan (RCT) -14%
1.14 [0.08-16.6]
1/14
1/16
CT1
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 5.9%, p = 0.38
Late treatment 6%
0.94 [0.83-1.07]
39/517
83/629
6% improvement All studies 6%
0.94 [0.83-1.07]
39/517
83/629
6% improvement 4 zinc COVID-19 ICU results c19zinc.com Jan 18, 2022
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 5.9%, p = 0.38
1 CT: study uses combined treatment Favors zinc
Favors control
Figure 6. Random effects meta-analysis for ICU admission.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Derwand 82%
0.18 [0.07-0.54]
hosp.
4/141
58/377
CT1
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Thomas (RCT) -44%
1.44 [0.36-5.71]
hosp.
5/58
3/50
Asimi 99%
0.01 [0.00-0.16]
hosp.
0/270
24/86
CT1
Tau2 = 2.85, I2 = 82.7%, p = 0.13
Early treatment 81%
0.19 [0.02-1.62]
9/469
85/513
81% improvement Abd-Elsalam (RCT) 4%
0.96 [0.86-1.08]
hosp. time
96 (n)
95 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Al Sulaiman (PSM) -6%
1.06 [0.85-1.33]
hosp. time
82 (n)
82 (n)
Kaplan (RCT) -14%
1.14 [0.08-16.6]
hosp.
1/14
1/16
CT1
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.78
Late treatment 2%
0.98 [0.89-1.09]
1/192
1/193
2% improvement Abdulateef 13%
0.87 [0.38-1.97]
hosp.
7/111
23/317
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Israel 100%
0.00 [0.00-0.93]
hosp.
0/10
6,953/20,849
CT1
Bagheri 41%
0.59 [0.14-1.61]
hosp.
4/33
167/477
Tau2 = 5.94, I2 = 94.5%, p = 0.067
Prophylaxis 93%
0.07 [0.00-1.22]
11/154
7,143/21,643
93% improvement All studies 51%
0.49 [0.28-0.85]
21/815
7,229/22,349
51% improvement 9 zinc COVID-19 hospitalization results c19zinc.com Jan 18, 2022
Tau2 = 0.37, I2 = 87.4%, p = 0.011
1 CT: study uses combined treatment Favors zinc
Favors control
Figure 7. Random effects meta-analysis for hospitalization.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Darban (RCT) 33%
0.67 [0.14-3.17]
2/10
3/10
CT1
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.62
Late treatment 33%
0.67 [0.14-3.17]
2/10
3/10
33% improvement Bagheri 60%
0.40 [0.04-3.53]
33 (n)
477 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.41
Prophylaxis 60%
0.40 [0.04-3.53]
0/33
0/477
60% improvement All studies 44%
0.56 [0.16-1.97]
2/43
3/487
44% improvement 2 zinc COVID-19 progression results c19zinc.com Jan 18, 2022
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.37
1 CT: study uses combined treatment Favors zinc
Favors control
Figure 8. Random effects meta-analysis for progression.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Thomas (RCT) 12%
0.88 [0.67-1.16]
recov. time
58 (n)
50 (n)
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.38
Early treatment 12%
0.88 [0.67-1.16]
0/58
0/50
12% improvement Abd-Elsalam (RCT) 6%
0.94 [0.55-1.62]
no recov.
20/96
21/95
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.84
Late treatment 6%
0.94 [0.55-1.62]
20/96
21/95
6% improvement All studies 11%
0.89 [0.70-1.14]
20/154
21/145
11% improvement 2 zinc COVID-19 recovery results c19zinc.com Jan 18, 2022
Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.38
Favors zinc
Favors control
Figure 9. Random effects meta-analysis for recovery.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Louca 1%
0.99 [0.93-1.06]
cases
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Holt 7%
0.93 [0.59-1.44]
cases
21/750
425/14,477
Seet (CLUS. RCT) 50%
0.50 [0.34-0.75]
symp. case
33/634
64/619
OT1
Gordon 85%
0.15 [0.02-0.58]
symp. case
2/104
9/96
Tau2 = 0.15, I2 = 81.8%, p = 0.13
Prophylaxis 30%
0.70 [0.44-1.11]
56/1,488
498/15,192
30% improvement All studies 30%
0.70 [0.44-1.11]
56/1,488
498/15,192
30% improvement 4 zinc COVID-19 case results c19zinc.com Jan 18, 2022
Tau2 = 0.15, I2 = 81.8%, p = 0.13
1 OT: comparison with other treatment Favors zinc
Favors control
Figure 10. Random effects meta-analysis for cases.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Yasui 92%
0.07 [0.01-0.54]
ventilation
1/20
6/9
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Jothimani 90%
0.10 [0.01-1.76]
death
0/20
5/27
Vogel-González 77%
0.23 [0.10-0.51]
death
9/191
12/58
Tomasa-Irriguible 49%
0.51 [0.19-1.02]
ventilation
7/31
49/89
Gonçalves 82%
0.18 [0.08-0.36]
severe case
7/55
145/214
Fromonot 89%
0.11 [0.02-0.48]
hosp.
6/110
7/42
Laing 79%
0.21 [0.06-0.74]
death
3/49
7/24
All studies 79%
0.21 [0.13-0.35]
33/476
231/463
79% improvement 7 zinc COVID-19 sufficiency studies c19zinc.com Jan 18, 2022
Tau2 = 0.15, I2 = 36.2%, p < 0.0001
Effect extraction pre-specified, see appendix
Favors zinc
Favors control
Figure 11. Random effects meta-analysis for sufficiency studies.
Effect extraction is pre-specified, using the most serious outcome reported,
see the
appendix for details.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Derwand 79%
0.21 [0.03-1.47]
death
1/141
13/377
CT2
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Thomas (RCT) -44%
1.44 [0.36-5.71]
hosp.
5/58
3/50
Tau2 = 1.11, I2 = 58.6%, p = 0.64
Early treatment 37%
0.63 [0.10-4.14]
6/199
16/427
37% improvement Carlucci 38%
0.62 [0.46-0.84]
death/HPC
54/411
119/521
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Krishnan 18%
0.82 [0.62-1.09]
death
31/58
61/94
Yao 34%
0.66 [0.41-1.07]
death
73/196
21/46
Abd-Elsalam (RCT) 1%
0.99 [0.30-3.31]
death
5/96
5/95
Darban (RCT) 33%
0.67 [0.14-3.17]
progression
2/10
3/10
CT2
Patel (DB RCT) 20%
0.80 [0.15-4.18]
death
2/15
3/18
Mulhem 46%
0.54 [0.43-0.68]
death
256/1,596
260/1,623
Gadhiya -41%
1.41 [0.69-2.57]
death
21/54
34/229
Al Sulaiman (PSM) 36%
0.64 [0.37-1.10]
death
23/82
32/82
Assiri -81%
1.81 [0.41-6.97]
death
10/60
4/58
Tau2 = 0.06, I2 = 60.2%, p = 0.01
Late treatment 25%
0.75 [0.60-0.93]
477/2,578
542/2,776
25% improvement Louca 1%
0.99 [0.93-1.06]
cases
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Holt 7%
0.93 [0.59-1.44]
cases
21/750
425/14,477
Abdulateef 13%
0.87 [0.38-1.97]
hosp.
7/111
23/317
Seet (CLUS. RCT) 50%
0.50 [0.34-0.75]
symp. case
33/634
64/619
OT1
Israel 100%
0.00 [0.00-0.93]
hosp.
0/10
6,953/20,849
CT2
Bagheri 60%
0.40 [0.04-3.53]
progression
33 (n)
477 (n)
Gordon 68%
0.32 [0.01-7.87]
death
0/104
1/96
Tau2 = 0.47, I2 = 88.4%, p = 0.034
Prophylaxis 51%
0.49 [0.26-0.95]
61/1,642
7,466/36,835
51% improvement All studies 28%
0.72 [0.56-0.93]
544/4,419
8,024/40,038
28% improvement 19 zinc COVID-19 peer reviewed trials c19zinc.com Jan 18, 2022
Tau2 = 0.16, I2 = 84.1%, p = 0.011
Effect extraction pre-specified, see appendix
1 OT: comparison with other treatment 2 CT: study uses combined treatment Favors zinc
Favors control
Figure 12. Random effects meta-analysis for peer reviewed studies.
Effect extraction is pre-specified, using the most serious outcome reported,
see the
appendix for details.
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Thomas (RCT) -44%
1.44 [0.36-5.71]
hosp.
5/58
3/50
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Tau2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.62
Early treatment -44%
1.44 [0.36-5.71]
5/58
3/50
-44% improvement Carlucci 38%
0.62 [0.46-0.84]
death/HPC
54/411
119/521
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Krishnan 18%
0.82 [0.62-1.09]
death
31/58
61/94
Yao 34%
0.66 [0.41-1.07]
death
73/196
21/46
Abd-Elsalam (RCT) 1%
0.99 [0.30-3.31]
death
5/96
5/95
Patel (DB RCT) 20%
0.80 [0.15-4.18]
death
2/15
3/18
Mulhem 46%
0.54 [0.43-0.68]
death
256/1,596
260/1,623
Gadhiya -41%
1.41 [0.69-2.57]
death
21/54
34/229
Al Sulaiman (PSM) 36%
0.64 [0.37-1.10]
death
23/82
32/82
Elavarasi 65%
0.35 [0.24-0.56]
death
486 (n)
1,201 (n)
Assiri -81%
1.81 [0.41-6.97]
death
10/60
4/58
Tau2 = 0.08, I2 = 70.4%, p = 0.0031
Late treatment 30%
0.70 [0.55-0.88]
475/3,054
539/3,967
30% improvement Louca 1%
0.99 [0.93-1.06]
cases
Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Holt 7%
0.93 [0.59-1.44]
cases
21/750
425/14,477
Abdulateef 13%
0.87 [0.38-1.97]
hosp.
7/111
23/317
Seet (CLUS. RCT) 50%
0.50 [0.34-0.75]
symp. case
33/634
64/619
OT1
Bagheri 60%
0.40 [0.04-3.53]
progression
33 (n)
477 (n)
Gordon 
