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Zinc2+ ion inhibits SARS-CoV-2 main protease and viral replication in vitro

Panchariya et al., Chemical Communications, doi:10.1039/D1CC03563K

Jun 2021

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Zinc for COVID-19

2nd treatment shown to reduce risk in July 2020

^*, now known with p = 0.0000013 from 44 studies, recognized in 11 countries.

Lower risk for mortality, ventilation, hospitalization, progression, recovery, and viral clearance.

No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine complementary and synergistic treatments. ^* >10% efficacy in meta analysis with ≥3 clinical studies.

4,000+ studies for 60+ treatments. c19early.org

In Silico and In Vitro study showing that ionic zinc inhibits SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M^pro) and inhibits viral replication.

Zinc acetate inhibited viral replication in Vero E6 cells, while zinc glycinate and zinc gluconate did not at non-toxic concentrations. The combination of zinc acetate with zinc ionophore quercetin significantly improved inhibition at low concentrations.

9 preclinical studies support the efficacy of zinc for COVID-19:

4 In Silico studies Bess, El-Megharbel, Lockwood, Pormohammad

4 In Vitro studies El-Megharbel, Hajdrik, Panchariya, te Velthuis

1 In Vivo animal study El-Megharbel

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1. Bess et al., Identification of oral therapeutics using an AI platform against the virus responsible for COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Frontiers in Pharmacology, doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1297924.frontiersin.org, doi.org.

2. El-Megharbel et al., Chemical and spectroscopic characterization of (Artemisinin/Quercetin/ Zinc) novel mixed ligand complex with assessment of its potent high antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and antioxidant capacity against toxicity induced by acrylamide in male rats, PeerJ, doi:10.7717/peerj.15638.peerj.com, doi.org.

3. Hajdrik et al., In Vitro Determination of Inhibitory Effects of Humic Substances Complexing Zn and Se on SARS-CoV-2 Virus Replication, Foods, doi:10.3390/foods11050694.mdpi.com, doi.org.

4. Lockwood, T., Coordination chemistry suggests that independently observed benefits of metformin and Zn2+ against COVID-19 are not independent, BioMetals, doi:10.1007/s10534-024-00590-5.springer.com, doi.org.

5. Panchariya et al., Zinc2+ ion inhibits SARS-CoV-2 main protease and viral replication in vitro, Chemical Communications, doi:10.1039/D1CC03563K.rsc.org, doi.org.

6. Pormohammad et al., Zinc and SARS-CoV-2: A molecular modeling study of Zn interactions with RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase and 3C-like proteinase enzymes, International Journal of Molecular Medicine, doi:10.3892/ijmm.2020.4790.spandidos-publications.com, doi.org.

7. te Velthuis et al., Zn2+ Inhibits Coronavirus and Arterivirus RNA Polymerase Activity In Vitro and Zinc Ionophores Block the Replication of These Viruses in Cell Culture, PLOS Pathogens 2010, 6:11, doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176.plos.org, doi.org.

Panchariya et al., 15 Jun 2021, peer-reviewed, 18 authors.

In Vitro studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.

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Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.

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