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All Studies   Meta Analysis    Recent:   
0 0.5 1 1.5 2+ Symp. case 47% Improvement Relative Risk IgG positive 63% Zinc  Balmforth et al.  Prophylaxis  DB RCT Is prophylaxis with zinc + multiple treatments beneficial for COVID-19? Double-blind RCT 648 patients in India (April - July 2021) Fewer symptomatic cases (p<0.0001) and lower IgG positivity (p<0.0001) c19early.org Balmforth et al., J. Clinical Virology, Jul 2022 Favors zinc Favors control

Evaluating the efficacy and safety of a novel prophylactic nasal spray in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection: A multi-centre, double blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial.

Balmforth et al., Journal of Clinical Virology, doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105248, CTRI/2021/04/032989
Jul 2022  
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Zinc for COVID-19
2nd treatment shown to reduce risk in July 2020
 
*, now known with p = 0.0000013 from 44 studies, recognized in 10 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine complementary and synergistic treatments. * >10% efficacy in meta analysis with ≥3 clinical studies.
3,900+ studies for 60+ treatments. c19early.org
648 patient RCT pHOXWELL nasal spray in India, showing significantly lower IgGS+ and significantly lower symptomatic cases with treatment.
pHOXWELL includes a combination of natural virucidal agents and is designed to mimic the fluid surrounding healthy cells. The spray included xylitol, zinc chloride, polyethylene glycol 400, poloxamer, disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, ginger oil, eucalyptus oil, basil oil, clove oil, sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, sodium hyaluronate, calcium chloride dihydrate, benzalkonium chloride, magnesium chloride hexahydrate, potassium chloride, and glycerol. The spray was administered up to three times per day (TID) 140 μl/nostril for 45 days, with a gap of 6-8 hours between doses.
2 studies use direct respiratory tract administration Balmforth, Tran
Targeted administration to the respiratory tract provides treatment directly to the typical source of initial SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication, and allows for rapid onset of action, higher local drug concentration, and reduced systemic side effects.
This study is excluded in meta analysis: combined treatments may contribute more to the effect seen.
risk of symptomatic case, 47.4% lower, RR 0.53, p < 0.001, treatment 57 of 275 (20.7%), control 112 of 281 (39.9%), NNT 5.2, odds ratio converted to relative risk.
risk of IgG positive, 62.7% lower, RR 0.37, p < 0.001, treatment 36 of 275 (13.1%), control 97 of 281 (34.5%), NNT 4.7, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariable.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Balmforth et al., 25 Jul 2022, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, India, peer-reviewed, 15 authors, study period April 2021 - July 2021, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with multiple treatments) - results of individual treatments may vary, trial CTRI/2021/04/032989. Contact: damian.balmforth@nhs.net.
This PaperZincAll
Evaluating the efficacy and safety of a novel prophylactic nasal spray in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection: A multi-centre, double blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial.
Damian Balmforth, James A Swales, Laurence Silpa, Alan Dunton, Kay E Davies, Stephen G Davies, Archana Kamath, Jayanti Gupta, Sandeep Gupta, M Abid Masood, Áine Mcknight, Doug Rees, Angela J Russell, Manu Jaggi, Rakesh Uppal
Journal of Clinical Virology, doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105248
Evaluating the efficacy and safety of a novel prophylactic nasal spray in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection: A multi-centre, double blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial.,
A statistically significant reduction in experiencing any clinical symptom was seen in those treated with the test agent compared to placebo [57 cases (17.6%) vs 112 cases (34.6%); OR 0.40, (95% CI; 0.27-0.59), p<0.0001]. As per the primary endpoint, these results were reflected across sex (male 15.3% vs 31.8% p= 0.0001; female 21.7% vs 39% p= 0.0048) and all age groups (18-35; 26.5% vs 43.6% p= 0.009: 36-65; 19.4% vs 36.9% p= 0.0018: 65+; 6.9% vs 33/3% p= 0.0407). A breakdown of all symptoms experienced in either treatment arm is given in Appendix 2; Supplementary information. Mean time to resolution of symptoms was 1.74 days in the test agent group compared to 1.95 days for the placebo (p=0.1729) (table 4). A comparison of SARS-CoV-2 IgGS antibody status and symptom status for each treatment group is shown in table 5 . This analysis shows that for participants who did not contract SARS-CoV-2 infection during the study period as evidenced by a negative IgGS antibody result, reported symptoms were significantly lower in the test agent group [n=35 (14.5%)] than in the placebo group [n= 67 (36.4%)] (p<0.001). No significant difference was seen in the proportion of patients who reported symptoms amongst patients who tested positive for IgGS. Acceptability testing showed that subjects had a positive experience of using both the test agent and placebo nasal sprays (figure 2 ). Both sprays were comfortable to use, easy to carry, easy to use and had an acceptable odour..
References
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Ku, Xie, Hinton, Nasal delivery of an IgM offers broad protection from SARS-CoV-2 variants, Nature
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Paull, Luscombe, Castellarnau, Heery, Bobardt et al., Protective Effects of Astodrimer Sodium 1% Nasal Spray Formulation against SARS-CoV-2 Nasal Challenge in K18-hACE2 Mice, Viruses
Prather, Marr, Schooley, Mcdiarmid, Wilson et al., Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Science
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Xia, Lan, Su, The role of furin cleavage site in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated membrane fusion in the presence or absence of trypsin, Signal Transduct Target Ther
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Zhao, Yang, Yang, Cathepsin L plays a key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans and humanized mice and is a promising target for new drug development, Signal Transduct Target Ther
Zhou, Ayeh, Chidambaram, Karakousis, Modes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and evidence for preventive behavioral interventions, BMC Infect Dis
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Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
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